Product Placement in the UK Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Product Placement in the UK - Assignment Example A product's life time and its place in the market are decided by the consumers. These consumers are largely affected by the television which is the powerful electronic media. The product placement relies on the audience who are the customers. In product placement, a particular product is advertised by means of movies, news or any other television programs. This attracts the audience even though it is not directly displayed in advertisements. There has been an increase in the number of people who watch television. This is due to the various channels and increase in the number of advertisements. The advertisements play a vital role in the existence of a product. (Lehu, 2007). The demographic and psychographic differences will differentiate the audience residing in various countries. The product placement also depends on the age of the audience. The audiences are divided into categories based on their age. The categories may be kids, teens, pensioners in male and female respectively. Based on the age, the number of audience differs and the product's placement is also done based on these categories.(Neate, 2010). The national statistics reveals the level of increase in the number of kids. There has been a drastic increase in the number of kids who view the television programs. ... Then the private companies and the government had a meeting on the ban of product placement in television programs, serials and movies. Though the ban was lifted, the government specified the companies to avoid the placement of certain goods. The companies aimed at placing the products in popular television shows and movies that had cast leading actors. This would enable them to reach the public in a better way. This continued to be the company's primary target was to attract the audience of all categories. (Paxson, 2002).The people from all strata of the society watch these shows. Hence this was an easier option for the companies to market their products. The company's earn very good revenue out of these product placements. Thus they concentrate on television shows that have the maximum number of viewers. The culture and lifestyle differences have a great impact on the product placement. There are people from different cultures and it is one among the deciding factors that influence the placement of products. People from different culture reside in U.K and it has created an impact on the companies. The companies decide based on the people and have to analyze the people's expectation. The lifestyle of the people is also an important factor. The companies approach towards product placement and the selection of programs depend on the people's lifestyle. The people from all strata of society continue to live in U.K and this has made the companies to concentrate more on product placements. The companies strike a balance between the lifestyle and culture of the people. People of U.K have a high expectation on the advertisement

Intellectual and Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Intellectual and Property Law - Essay Example James and Jeremy find out about the conversation after they receive phone calls from all three manufacturers. They are furious that he has consulted external companies without their consent. Aim This paper aims to investigate the potential infringements of intellectual property that James and Jeremy owned and to provide possible remedies that are available to them and to provide a legal advice to them for the future course of action. Objectives In order to achieve the aim of this paper, the paper will has following objectives to achieve: 1. To study the intellectual property rights in United Kingdom 2. To study the possible infringements of intellectual property rights. 3. To investigate the remedies that the victims of intellectual property rights theft can avail. 4. To provide a legal analysis as to the case of James and Jeremy. 5. To develop a legal advice for James and Jeremy to follow in order to seek remedies from the United Kingdom Courts, if any. Intellectual Property Rights Laws in the United Kingdom The term intellectual property refers to the intangible creations of mind which are given physical form and contains or overtime develops financial value (Barney & Green, 2001). For instance, when a person visualizes a design and then creates it on paper or on computer program, creates an intellectual property. This intellectual property can be protected from copycats or thieves who can steal it and then reproduce it for commercial gains (Bimal & Kumar, 2012). The owner of an intellectual property has the right to protect it from any potential infringements and seek remedies for it in case infringement has occurred. However, not all intellectual properties can be directly protected. The Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) recognizes several types of intellectual property rights. These are: Patents, Designs, Copyrights, Trademarks, Trade Secrets, Integrated Circuits, Plant Breeders Rights, etc (Gaff, Loren & Spinnery, 2012). Most of them have to be applied for their grant and rest of the intellectual property right do not require such seeking. Instead, they are automatically created. Patent is a right that is granted by the Government of a country for an invention. Design is a right that protects the aesthetic and visual appearance of a product. The design right acknowledges the right of its owner and provides an exclusive right to make, use, copy, import or export or assign the design for any purpose he may deem fit. Copyrights is a right that is created automatically. It is a right not to copy a work that has been created by an author and has been reserved its ownership with that author. Trade secrets comprises of confidential information, documents, secret formulas, or any private information that if leaked to any one can create substantial loss to its owners (Chapman, 1986). For instance, the Coca Cola recipe is protected as a trade secret and has not been leaked for over a century now (Breach of Confidence, 2006). In case any of its employees or management who are privy to that secret formula have revealed the actual formula or sold it to someone for commercial gains would have incurred an intellectual property rights infringement (Risch, 2012). In legal terminology it is known as breach of confidence. In English law, the breach of confidence is derived from the doctrine of equity. Thus, a person whose confidence in another

Health Risks of Coronary Heart Disease: Literature Review

Health Risks of Coronary Heart Disease: Literature Review Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the main cause of death and disability in the United Kingdom (UK) and the sole most frequent cause of early death. In spite of a drop in CHD mortality in recent years, there are approximately 120,000 deaths per year in the UK making the quotient amongst the uppermost compared to the rest of the world (British Heart Foundation (BHF), 2003). Additionally, more than 1.5 million people in the UK are living with angina and 500,000 have heart failure (Department of Health (DH), 2004) commonly, although not wholly, caused by CHD. The World Health Organization (WHO) has forecast that by 2020, CHD will be the principle cause of death and morbidity throughout the world (Tunstall-Pedoe, 1999). However, not only does CHD affect the increasing rates of early deatjh, it can also cause individuals to experience â€Å"long-term chronic health problems†. There are numerous different kinds of cardiac illnesses that include: â€Å"congenital abnormalities, heart rhythm disturbances, valvular disease, acute coronary syndromes and heart failure† (Jones, 2003). It is important to note that the latter two conditions are more likely to affect older people and are the most prevalent among those with CHD (Rawlings-Anderson and Johnson, 2003). This essay will critically analyse the literature pertaining to the one of the most relevant health risks of CHD, that of chronic heart failure. The literature to be reviewed will analyse the issues that affect self-care in heart failure. To enable this review a comprehensive search of relevant databases such as CINAHL and the British Nursing Index was undertaken. Similarly, a thorough search of relevant nursing journals such as Nursing Standard, Nursing Times, British Journal of Cardiac Nursing, and British Journal of Nursing was also carried out. Also a general internet search using the keywords CHD, BHF, long-term chronic health problems, acute coronary syndromes, chronic heart failure, prevalence and associated factors was also employed. The rationale for choosing heart failure is that every year 63 000 new cases are reported in the UK and it is increasing in prevalence and incidence affecting more than 900 000 people per annum (Petersen et al, 2002). Heart failure presents a major predicament with regard to its effect on the individual sufferers, their significant others and also on healthcare measures and supply. People with heart failure by and large suffer from recurrent episodes of acute exacerbation of their symptoms. As a consequence, admission to hospital is great and accounts for approximately 5 percent of all admissions to general medical or elderly care hospital beds within the UK. Readmission rates are as high as 50 percent in the six months following the original stay in hospital (Nicholson, 2007). It is posited that experience of illness and grim clinical outcomes are fundamentally as a result of uncontrolled symptoms through non-adherence to suggested medication and lifestyle modifications (DH, 2000a). There are various current Governmental guidelines that expound the virtues of self-care of long-term conditions. However, The Department of Health’s (DOH, 2006) Supporting people with long-term conditions to self-care: A guide to developing local strategies and practices guide proposes that self-care is any actions or behaviours that help individuals to cope with the effects that their long-term condition has on their activities of daily living. These actions or behavioural changes hope to empower sufferers to deal with the emotional aspects, adhere to treatment routines and maintain the important aspects of life such as work and socialising. A thorough research of the literature surrounding self-care for long-term conditions such as heart failure has shown that several factors are in existence that influence self-care in heart failure. These include: socio-economics, condition-related, treatment related and patient related factors (Sabate, 2003, Leventhal et al, 2005). Socio-economic standing, degree of education, monetary restrictions and social support have all been emphasised as effecting self-care in patients with heart failure. Low socio-economic status and lack of education have been established to be significant factors relating to non-adherence and inadequate self-care (Gary, 2006; Van der Wal et al, 2006). Wu et al (2007) found that those on minimal incomes were regarded as high risk for non-adherence to medication. While a superior level of education was also found to be a major predictor of adherence in research papers by Evangelista and Dracup (2000) and Rockwell and Riegel (2001). Financial restraints connected to the price of medication have been acknowledged as a hindrance to adherence (Evangelista et al, 2003; Horowitz et al 2004; Wu et al, 2008). However, these reports have been performed in the United States (US) and in the main correlate to lack of medical insurance under a Medicaid scheme. It is therefore suggested that additional research is required to ascertain whether the price of medication notably impacts on adherence in the National Health Service (NHS). A number of studies have observed that social support is an important issue in influencing self-care (Ni et al, 1999; Artininan et al, 2002; Scotto, 2005; Schnell et al, 2006; Wu et al, 2008). Ortega-Gutierrez et al (2006) found a significant contrary relationship between perceived level of social support and level of self-care. Similarly, Chung et al (2006a) examined the bearing of marital status on medication adherence and found that married patients had considerably enhanced adherence to medication than those living by themselves. Patients with a partner took more doses, were aware of the importance of taking medications on time and were more knowledgeable about names and doses. By contrast however, Evangelista et al (2001) found no association between social support and adherence to medication and lifestyle behaviours, although the authors suggest this may be due to the high levels of social support reported in this sample. The method of social support has been illustrated in numerous qualitative studies. Stromberg et al (1999) explained the important role spouses performed in medication management such as giving their partners their tablets at prescribed times. Wu et al (2007) found that a supportive family helped with medication adherence by collecting medications from the pharmacy and filling dosage boxes. These authors deduced that those devoid of the effective commitment of relatives in self-care, some patients would have trouble sticking to their drug routine. The high intensity of social support was also shown to be a feature of patients considered to be knowledgeable in self-care (Riegel et al, 2007a). A number of factors relating to specific aspects of the condition have been described in the literature. These include the nature and severity of symptoms, functional ability, prior experience, the presence of comorbidities and cognitive functioning. Severity of symptoms and functional ability are important indicators of behaviour. Symptom severity was an independent predictor of self-care in a study by Rockwell and Riegel (2001). Wu et al (2007) found that patients with poor functional ability as measured by the New York Heart Association functional classification (NYHA) had poorer self-care. However, prior experience of hospitalisation may also affect self-care with patients having prior hospitalization episodes more likely to carry out self-care effectively. It is suggested that this may be due to a high level of motivation to stay well and avoid hospitalization. Level of experience or time since diagnosis may also be important factors in determining self-care ability (Carlson et al, 2001). Although the precise mechanism is unclear, it may be related to an enhanced ability to recognise changing symptoms and the use of tried and tested strategies in response to symptoms. The presence of comorbidities, especially if symptoms are similar to those of heart failure, makes the recognition and subsequent management of symptoms difficult. Chriss et al (2004) found the number of comorbidities to be a significant predictor of self-care, those with few comorbidities having enhanced self-care. Self-management requires patients to make decisions and take actions in response to recognition of symptoms. However, cognitive deficits in heart failure have been well documented (Ekman, 1998 and Bennett, 2003). It is estimated that between 30 percent and 50 percent of heart failure patients have cognitive impairment (Leventhal et al, 2005). Wolfe et al (2005) found specific cognitive deficits of memory, attention and executive functioning, which were not related to illness severity. These deficits may impair the perception and interpretation of early symptoms and reasoning ability required for self-management. This is supported by Dickson et al (2007b) who found a correlation between impaired cognition and individuals inconsistently demonstrating effective self-care behaviour. Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, common in heart failure, also deprives the body of sleep and has consequences for cognitive functioning and decision-making (Trupp and Corwin, 2008). Perhaps as a result, sleepi ness during the day has also been linked to poor self-care (Riegel et al, 2007b). Adherence to medication and lifestyle guidance has been linked to treatment-related factors such as the effects of medication or treatments, the intricacy of regimes and numerous changes in treatment. Riegel and Carlson (2002) and Van Der Wal et al (2006) found that adherence to a low sodium diet was hindered by the foul-tasting low salt food and problems when eating out in a restaurant. Limiting fluid intake was also controlled by thirst. Bennett et al (2005) found that the taking of diuretics disrupted sleep and this was a significant factor in non-adherence. Concerns about medication side effects are also of major concern to patients (Stromberg et al, 1999; Riegel and Carlson, 2002). The complexity of the treatment regime as indicated by a high number of administration times, for example, has been shown to decrease medication adherence (Riegel and Carlson, 2002; George et al, 2007; Van der Wal et al, 2007). It is suggested that individual patient characteristics have a major part in self-care behaviour. Age and gender may have some bearing on behaviour although there is relatively limited evidence. The presence of depression also had a negative impact on self-care ability. Chung et al (2006b) examined gender differences in adherence to a low salt diet in patients with heart failure. They found that adherence was higher in women. Women were also further capable of making nutritional decisions. This is in contrast to Gary (2006) who researched the self-care routine of women with heart failure and established that a only a small number of women in this sample abided by the suggested low salt diet, exercised or weighed themselves daily. The only behaviour that was practiced without fail was taking medication. Hardly any women recognised symptoms of heart failure or checked and monitored their symptoms on a regular basis. Chriss et al (2004) found that males and increasing age were separate, significant predictors of self-care. However, the relationship between age and self-care behaviour continues to be ambiguous. Evangelista et al (2003) found that elderly patients with heart failure had better adherence to medication, diet and exercise guidance than younger patients. Notably, depression influences the capacity to perform self-care behaviours successfully. There appears to be a preponderance of people who have heart failure who are also depressed. Approximately, 11 percent of out-patients and over 50 percent of hospitalised patients with heart failure are depressed (Leventhal et al, 2005). Depression has been revealed to be an important aspect predicting self-care (Dickson et al, 2006; Lesman-Leegte et al, 2006; Riegel et al, 2007b). DiMatteo et al (2000) declares that non-adherence is three times higher in depressed patients compared with those who are not depressed. The coexistence of depression i n patients with heart failure makes them vulnerable to inadequate self-care. CHD is a major cause of death and disability in the UK and is also the main cause of premature death. CHD also causes its sufferers to have long-term chronic comorbidities. One of those comorbitities is heart failure. Heart failure is increasing in prevalence and incidence every year in the UK. It not only affects the patient but also their family. Similarly, the incidences of heart failure have a massive impact on health care provision and resources. This is a consequence of the frequent acute exacerbations of the patient’s symptoms. Self-care of long-term conditions such as heart failure appear to be the Government’s current preoccupation and guidelines exist that offer strategies to those with long-term conditions that may help sufferers cope with the impact that their illness has on their everyday lives. However, evidence exists that show that there are certain factors that act as barriers and influence self-care in heart failure. These factors include lack of educa tion, financial constraints and social support. Cognitive ability, modification of life-styles, relationships, gender, age and mental illness have all been found to have an impact on the self-care of heart failure particularly with regards to medication adherence. There appears to be a dearth of research undertaken in the UK on the issues influencing self-care in heart failure. Therefore, it is recommended that further research is undertaken in the UK, as the health care and welfare provision is vastly different from that in the US. This may result in very dissimilar research outcomes. References Artinian NT, Magnan M, Sloan M, Lange MP (2002) Self-care behaviours among patients with heart failure, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 31, 3, 161-72 Bennett SJ, Sauve MJ (2003) Cognitive deficits in patients with heart failure: A review of the literature, Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 18, 3, 219-42 Bennett SJ, Lane KA, Welch J, Perkins SM, Brater DC, Murray MD (2005) Medication and dietary compliance beliefs in heart failure, Western Journal of Nursing Research, 27, 8, 977-93 British Heart Foundation (2003) Coronary Heart Disease Statistics, London, BHF Carlson B, Riegel B, Moser DK (2001) Self-care abilities of patients with heart failure, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 30 5, 351-9 Chriss PM, Sheposh J, Carlson B, Riegel B (2004) Predictors of successful heart failure self-care maintenance in the first three months after hospitalisation, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 33, 6, 345-53 Chung ML, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Riegel BJ (2006a) Presence of a spouse improves adherence to medication in patients with heart failure, Journal of Cardiac Failure, 12, 6, S1-S100 Chung ML, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Worrall-Carter L, Bentley B, Trupp R, Armentano DS (2006b) Gender differences in adherence to the sodium-restricted diet in patients with heart failure, Journal of Cardiac Failure, 12, 8, 628-34 Department of Health (2006) Supporting people with long-term conditions to self-care: A guide to developing local strategies and practices, London, The Stationery Office Dickson VV, Deatrick JA, Goldberg LR, Riegel B (2006) A mixed methods study exploring the factors that facilitate and impede heart failure self-care, Journal of Cardiac Failure, 12, 6, S124-5 Dickson VV, Tkacs N, Riegel B (2007b) Cognitive influences on self-care decision making in persons with heart failure, American Heart Journal, 154, 424-31 DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW (2000) Depression is a risk factor for non-compliance with medical treatment, Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 14, 2101-7 Department of Health (2000a) National Service Framework for Coronary Heart Disease: Modern Standards and Service Models, London, The Stationery Office Department of Health (2004) NHS Improvement Plan: Putting People at the Heart of Public Services, London, The Stationery Office Ekman I, Andersson B, Ehnfors M, Matejka G, Persson B, Fagerberg B (1998) Feasibility of a nurse-monitored, outpatient-care programme for elderly patients with moderate-to-severe chronic heart failure, European Heart Journal, 19, 1254-60 Evangelista LS and Dracup K (2000) A closer look at compliance research in heart failure patients in the last decade, Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing, 15, 3, 97-103 Evangelista LS, Berg J and Dracup K (2001) Relationship between psychosocial variables and compliance in patients with heart failure, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 30, 4, 294-301 Evangelista LS, Doering LV, Dracup K, Westlake C, Hamilton M, Fonarow GC (2003) Compliance behaviours of elderly patients with advanced heart failure, Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 18, 3, 197-208 Gary R (2006) Self-care practices in women with diastolic heart failure, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 35, 1, 9-19 George J, Shalansky SJ (2007) Predictors of refill non-adherence in patients with heart failure, British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 63, 4, 488-93 Horowitz CR, Rein SB, Leventhal H (2004) A story of maladies, misconceptions and mishaps: effective management of heart failure, Social Science Medicine, 58, 3, 631-43 Jones I (2003) Acute coronary syndromes: identification and patient care, Professional Nursing, 18, 5, 289-92 Lesman-Leegte I, Jaarsma T, Sanderson R, Van Veldhuisen DJ (2006) Depressive symptoms are prevalent amongst elderly hospitalised heart failure patients, European Journal of Heart Failure, 8, 634-40 Leventhal MJE, Riegel B, Carlson B, De Geest S (2005) Negotiating compliance in heart failure: remaining issues and questions, European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 4, 298-307 Ni H, Nauman D, Burgess D, Wise K, Crispell K, Hershberger RE (1999) Factors influencing knowledge of and adherence to self-care among patients with heart failure, Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 1613-9 Ortega-Gutierrez A, Comin-Colit J, Quinones S (2006) Influence of perceived psychosocial support on self-care behaviour of patients with heart failure managed in nurse-led heart failure clinics, Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing, Spring: 160 Nicholson C (2007) Heart failure: A clinical nursing handbook, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons Petersen S, Rayner M, Wolstenholme J (2002) Coronary heart disease statistics: heart failure supplement, London, British Heart Foundation Riegel B, Carlson B (2002) Facilitators and barriers to heart failure self-care, Patient Education and Counselling, 46, 287-95 Riegel B, Dickson VV, Goldberg LR, Deatrik J (2007a) Factors associated with the development of expertise in heart failure self-care, Nursing Research, 56, 4, 235-43 Riegel B, Dickson VV, Goldberg LR (2007b) Social support predicts success in self-care in heart failure patients with excessive daytime sleepiness, Journal of Cardiac Failure, 13, S183-4 Rockwell JM, Riegel B (2001) Predictors of self-care in persons with heart failure, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 30, 18-25 Sabate E. (2003) Adherence to long-term therapies: Evidence for action, Geneva, WHO Schnell KN, Naimark BJ, McClement SE (2006) Influential factors for self-care in ambulatory care heart failure patients: A qualitative perspective, Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 16, 1, 13-19 Scotto CJ (2005) The lived experience of adherence for patients with heart failure, Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 25, 3, 158-63 Stromberg A, Bromstrom A, Dahlstrom U, Fridlund B (1999) Factors influencing patient compliance with therapeutic regimens in chronic heart failure: A critical incident technique, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 28, 334-41 Trupp R, Corwin EJ (2008) Sleep-disordered breathing, cognitive functioning and adherence in heart failure: Linked through pathology? Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing, 23, 1, 32-6 Van der Wal MHL, Jaarsma T, Moser DK, Veeger NJGM, Van Gilst WH, Van Veldhuisen DJ (2006) Compliance in heart failure patients: the importance of knowledge and beliefs, European Heart Journal, 27, 4, 434-40 Wolfe R, Worrall-Carter L, Foister K, Keks N, Howe V (2005) Assessment of cognitive function in heart failure patients, European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 5, 158-64 Wu J, Lennie TA, Moser DK (2007) Predictors of medication adherence using a multidimensional adherence model in patients with heart failure, Journal of Cardiac Failure, 13, 6, S75 Wu J, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Peden AR, Chen Y, Heo S (2008) Factors influencing medication adherence in patients with heart failure, Heart Lung The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 37, 8-16 Tunstall-Pedoe H (1999) Contributions of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA project populations: Monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease, Lancet, 353, 9164, 1547-1557 Rawlings-Anderson K, Johnson K (2003) Myocardial infarction and older people, Nursing Older People, 15, 6, 29-34

Physics of Stopping a Bike :: physics bicycle

In short brakes are a tool that turn kinetic energy into heat(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brakes). This is accomplished by applying friction in one way or another. In the case of disk brakes friction is created because the braking mechanism exerts a force on the break pads which pushes them into contact with disk. It is this contact combined with the fact that the disks are rotating that causes kinetic energy to be converted to heat. If the purpose of brakes is to convert kinetic energy into heat, then in order to know how much heat the brakes make requires that we find out how much kinetic energy there is in a moving bicycle. The important thing to know about an object that is moving on wheels is that its kinetic energy is equal to half of its mass including the wheels(Mb) multiplied by the square of its velocity(V) plus the kinetic energy in the rotating wheels. In this case I am going to assume that all of the mass of the wheels is located on the outer edge (this isn't really the case, but most of the mass is there). Then the kinetic energy of a wheel due to rotation is half of its mass(Mw) multiplied by the square of its radius(r) multiplied by the square of its angular velocity(w) multiplied by two since there are two wheels. kinetic energy of the bicycle = Â ½MbV2 + 2Â ½Mwr2w2 Since the velocity of an object rolling on wheel(s) is equal the radius of the wheel times its angular velocity we can substitute V2 in for r2w2. This substitution leaves us with: kinetic energy of the bike = V2(Mw+Â ½Mb). I mentioned on the last page that we must stop the bike by turning its kinetic energy into friction. To do this, the brakes apply a force to the disk with pads. The force of this friction is equal to the total downward force (f) that the pads put on the disk(the pads are usually on each side of the disk and crush it between them) multiplied by the coefficient of friction(u). force of friction = (f)(u) For our purposes, while a bike is coasting the only things besides pedaling that can effect its speed are the force of friction from the brakes and gravity.

Egovernance In Admission Systems Africa Education Essay

What is the quality of instruction offered in higher instruction establishments. This inquiry has been raised by everyone associated with higher instruction establishment like institutional members, parents, pupils, employees, funding organic structures and the authorities in other words ; the stakeholders of higher instruction establishments ( HEIs ) ( Bhanti et al. , 2012:16 ) . Antony ( 2005 ) cited in Bhanti et Al. ( 2011:16 ) asserts that, the stakeholders raise this inquiry with one or more involvement: pupils – for pick of establishment ; parents – for worth of personal investing in the instruction of their kids ; for authorities – answerability and policymaking ; support bureaus – for support determinations. The replies for this inquiry can be obtained from different beginnings peculiarly the sure one like regulative governments which control the quality and criterions of higher instruction system. The function of ICT in modern-day organisations including HEIs continues to spread out in range and complexness ( Garrity et al. , 1998 ) . Recently, the HEIs peculiarly regulative governments have become cognizant of the benefits of e-governance in higher instruction direction systems. In pupils admittances for illustration, HEIs are using ICT for commanding quality of admitted pupils and general quality confidence. In recent old ages, the tendency of ICT invention ( Archmann et al. , 2010 ; Batagan et al. , 2009:372 ) and the turning usage of the Internet and nomadic phones has changed the manner pupils are admitted into higher instruction establishments ( HEIs ) , switching from boring manual to a modern ways such as centralised on-line admittance systems.2.8.1 E-governance in admittance systems: WorldwideWorldwide, there is a enormous addition in the figure of colleges, institutes and universities which have raised concern on assorted facets related to the quality instruction suc h as admittance and the figure of pupils. This has led to the higher instruction regulative governments to maintain an oculus on admittance quality confidence by deploying several systems, which assist in pull offing malpractices related to admittance. Such systems include, the Universities and Colleges Admissions Service ( UCAS ) in United Kingdom ; the Joint University Programmes Admissions System ( JUPAS ) in Hong Kong ; Central Admission System ( CAS ) under Higher Education Admission Centre ( HEAC )[ 1 ]in Oman, which became the first state in the Middle East to follow electronic admittances for pupils seeking higher instruction classs[ 2 ]. Others include the Higher Education Centralized Admission System ( HECAS )[ 3 ]in Negara Brunei Darussalam ; and China ‘s University and College Admission System ( CUCAS )[ 4 ], to advert a few. Literature show that applicants to a higher instruction system come from a broad scope of backgrounds and, due to this fact, admittances policies need to turn to the devising of rather complex opinions about comparative potency within a diverse population of appliers. However, to-date in many states, each higher instruction establishment sets and implements admittances policies that are consistent with its peculiar mission ( QAAHE. 2006:5 ) . It has been insisted that, the policies and patterns for pupil admittances should be designed to procure a good lucifer between the abilities and aptitudes of the applier and the demands of the programme, therefore taking to the choice of pupils who can moderately be expected to finish their surveies successfully. Those doing admittances determinations need to know apart between appliers, to find who should be selected. This requires an exercising of judgement ; it is of import that this is underpinned by mention to transparent and justifiable s tandards ( QAAHE. 2006 ) .2.8.2 E-governance in admittance systems: AfricaDespite the fact that several states are implementing electronic admittance systems meaning among other things to control admittance malpractices in Africa, the literature portrays that there are fewer enterprises in following electronic admittances for pupils seeking higher instruction. In East Africa, for illustration, merely Tanzania is implementing to the full automated undergraduate admittances into HEIs. However, there is a similar admittance system in Nigeria, which is known as the â€Å" Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board † ( JAMB )[ 5 ]. Most of these inventions in Africa ‘s instruction sector have been supported by multi-stakeholder programmes such as the African Virtual University ( AVU ) and the World Bank to advance e-governance in HEIs.2.8.3 E-governance in admittance systems: TanzaniaTanzania is ranked 114th out of 132 states in the universe utilizing scientific discipline and engineering ( URT, 2008 ) . In East Africa, Tanzania is the first state to set up an machine-controlled admittance system in HEIs undergraduate admittances ( TCU, 2010 ) .2.8.3.1 Country OverviewTanzania is the biggest ( land country ) among the East African states ( i.e. Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania ) . It became independent from the British on 9 December 1961 and inherited an educational system from its colonial Masterss. Since independency, the Tanzania ‘s instruction system has grown quickly from a simple primary and secondary instruction to a complex instruction system including higher instruction run by both public and private sectors ( Mashalla, 2002:8 ) . Presently, the state has a population of 42,500,000 people ( IMF, 2008 )[ 6 ].2.8.3.2 Higher instruction development and enrolment tendency in TanzaniaThe history of higher instruction in Tanzania goes back to pre-independence when the state had no individual higher instruction establishment ( URT, 2008:1 ) . Tanganyik ans who had chances for higher instruction were trained at Makerere, Uganda. Within East Africa, higher instruction was last to come in Tanzania, therefore doing the state to hold smaller figure of skilled and trained human resources in the state in 1961. The former and first president of Tanganyika had observed this deficit of trained and skilled human resources and stated: â€Å" So small instruction [ had ] been provided that in December 1961 we had excessively few people with the necessary instruction makings even to adult male the disposal of authorities as it was so, much less to set about the large economic and societal development work which was indispensable. Neither was the school population in 1961 big plenty to let for any outlook that this state of affairs would be quickly corrected † ( Nyerere, 1967:4 ) . Higher instruction in Tanzania during the last century was preponderantly provided by University of Dar es Salaam ( UDSM ) . This was established as a college of the University of London in 1961 and so later it became a portion of the University of East Africa. In 1970, it became an independent University. In the 1970s UDSM was seen as â€Å" a development university † with all pupils being required to analyze development surveies and with field fond regards in many topics. The creative activity of Sokoine University of Agriculture ( SUA ) as the 2nd university in Tanzania was declarative of an consciousness of the importance of agribusiness in Tanzania ‘s development. The 1980s and early 1990s were a period of diminution for the university with registrations stagnating and passing per pupil falling dramatically. In 1994, the Institutional Transformation Programme was initiated and since so there has been a considerable addition in student Numberss. Several other third p reparation establishments have now become universities. More late, a figure of private universities have opened, chiefly run by spiritual organic structures ( Cooksey et al. , 2001 ) . Registration in third instruction during the 1990s was really limited so, with merely around 6,500 undergraduate pupils in 1998/1999 ( Cooksey et al. , 2001 ) . Since the terminal of the 1990s, registration in higher instruction has expanded quickly, although much of the enlargement has been through in private sponsored campaigners, both at the province universities and at private establishments, which have been granted university position. Admissions increased throughout the 1990s but since the 2002/3 academic twelvemonth, the authorities had put a bound on the figure of pupils that it would patronize. Until so, the figure of in private sponsored pupils had been about negligible, but since 2003, most of the enlargement in registration had been through in private sponsored campaigners ( Ishengoma 2004 ) . In recent old ages, the state has been spread outing entree in the instruction sector get downing with primary instruction through the primary instruction development programme ( MMEM ) in 2001, and the secondary instruction development programme ( MMES ) in 2004. Because of this, the state has been in attempts to spread out higher instruction in coaction with private sectors to run into the developments achieved at lower degrees ( URT, 2010 ) . To day of the month, there are more than 60 higher instruction establishments offering undergraduate grades in the state. Despite the fact that the gross registration rates ( GER ) in higher instruction have been lower side when compared to other developing states ( URT, 2010 ) ; yet the increased registration at lower degrees has resulted into monolithic force per unit area on higher instruction admittances which in bend has necessitated the constitution of the Central Admission System in the state.2.8.3.3 Constitution of CAS: A instance surveyHigher Education Institutions ( HEIs ) in Tanzania have undergone profound alterations in recent old ages. Significant enlargement of the system in order to acknowledge an increasing cohort of school departers, grownup scholars and by and large a more diverse set of pupils than in the yesteryear has been a cardinal portion of this alteration. These alterations have deductions on higher instruction service bringing, for illustration the admittance processes have become excessively complex with many challenges. During the last 10 old ages, the demand for higher instruction in Tanzania had been increasing quickly ; as a consequence, concerns over undergraduate admittance into HEIs have become an of import point of treatment for many stakeholders. Due to the current addition of HEIs and the subsequent enlargement of pupils enrolment, the admittance into these establishments has become complicated ( TCU, 2009:12 ) taking to a figure of jobs, including pupils passing money and clip in using for admittance to a figure of establishments so as to better their opportunities of being admitted ; troubles in screening out multiple admittances taking to holds in the start of the academic twelvemonth by universities ; complications in the expense of pupil loans by the Higher Education Students Loans Board ( HESLB ) every bit good as dual payments due to multiple admittances ; measure uping pupils neglecting to be admitted into universities due to incompatibilities in their applications ; universities ru nning at a lower place capacity as a consequence of superficial filling of institutional capacities caused by multiple admittances, therefore denying meriting appliers admittance chances ; and cheating by some appliers during the admittance procedure. Particular intercession was required and a cardinal admittance system was required to turn to these jobs. Therefore, in order to streamline the pupils ‘ admittance procedure, TCU in coaction with universities, NACTE and other HEIs established a new admittance system known as the Central Admission System ( CAS ) , where appliers for HEIs channel their applications centrally at TCU. Introduced in 2010, the CAS system is an electronic application theoretical account designed to cut down incommodiousness among prospective campaigners competing for topographic points in universities. The system targets to supplement the manual application system, which forced pupils to go from upcountry to Dar Es Salaam or other towns where the establishments are located in order to make full in application and admittance signifiers. It was early in 2009 when the University Computing Centre Ltd ( a company to the full owned by the University of Dar es Salaam ) was awarded a contract to develop a Central Admission System ( CAS ) to be used by all higher instruction establishments ( HEIs ) under the coordination of the Tanzania Commission for Universities ( TCU ) . The system was aimed to treat all applications for admittance into the Tanzanian HEIs will centrally through the system. The purpose of CAS is to computerise HEIs admittance procedure for higher instruction classs. Its bas ic aims are to widen their range to geographically scattered pupils, cut downing clip in activities, centralized informations handling and paperless admittance with decreased work force. Its other factors are cost film editing, operational efficiency, consistency position of informations and integrating with other establishments. Through CAS, applier has to come in merely the Index figure for ‘O ‘ degree and ‘A ‘ degree Exams, the system populates the personal inside informations and consequences from National Examination Council of Tanzania ( NACTE ) , and if the information provided lucifers so the applier can continue with selecting classs he/she is interested from all registered and take parting establishments. All degree programmes available in the pupils ‘ admittance guidebook have their minimal demand pre-configured which is used by the choice algorithm[ 7 ]. CAS ( Version I ) was developed utilizing Chisimba model. Chisimba is an unfastened beginning content direction system which is the merchandise of coaction between the 12 African universities who are members of the African Virtual Open Initiatives and Resources group. The proposal was approved on April 2009 and the first demo of the system to more than 40 representatives from HEIs was on 12th November, 2009. The demo was successful and the system execution started in the academic twelvemonth 2010/2011 to day of the month. The Tanzania Commission for Universities ( TCU ) regulates admittance of undergraduate pupils at higher instruction establishments harmonizing to their demands and Markss obtained and the admittance footings specified by the establishments. The TCU undertakings in admittance are specified as follows: Organizing all undergraduate admittances through CAS in coaction with take parting HEIs in regard of standards and admittance demands of each and every establishment harmonizing to subjects and available capacities ; Pull offing quality in admittances by guaranting that admittance guidelines are followed consequently ; Procuring admittance database of appliers and providing the Ministry of Education and Vocation Training ( MoEVT ) and other governmental be aftering organisations with the statistical informations in coaction with HEIs. Media consciousness of all academic plans for CAS take parting establishments in regard to admission operations in HEIs. Supply pupils with needed pupils Guide books about HEIs with their programmes offered and set up the enquiry service. Receiving, and treating all applications to HEIs in conformity to the submitted and approved programmes with their demands. Forming the Joint Admission Committee meeting for O.K.ing all admittances before publish the admittance consequences to appliers and the populace in general. Then administering the recognized pupils to the HEIs for senates blessings and advise the pupils, every bit good as the Institutions with the lists of the recognized appliers. Transportation, re-allocate and track withdrawn, postponed, discontinued and recognized pupils in HEIs after allotments. In Tanzania, the on-line application for undergraduate admittance is progressively deriving in popularity ( TCU, 2010 ) . Figures presented by the Tanzania Commission for Universities ( TCU, 2011 ) show that during 2010/2011 academic twelvemonth, when CAS was foremost introduced, 33,361 appliers out of 48,690 were admitted through CAS.2.9 DecisionIn general, e-governance in HEIs, peculiarly in Africa, is still in its babyhood. It has been deployed in several [ subdivisions? ] such as in e-learning, e-library, e-payments, etc. ; but in admittance still attempt is needed to do certain that massification of higher instruction in Africa goes together with quality higher instruction which can easy be controlled and monitored from the entry point, which is admission procedure. However, the execution of these attempts is confronted with many challenges heading to the e-governance execution peculiarly in the public sectors as explained in the literature. 1 ) Delete the footers and integrate the web references into the text. 2 ) You must continually demo the relevancy to your research subject of the assorted issues that you discuss. 3 ) Your literature reappraisal reads like a consultancy or direction study – there is really small critical battle with the subject ( mostly the consequence of your extended trust on official UN and other studies ) and about no grounds of battle with the relevant sociological literature. External testers will non accept this degree of battle in a PhD thesis. 4 ) Of great concern, nevertheless, is the extended plagiarism in the chapter. You have lifted big parts of the chapter, word for word, from ( acknowledged and unacknowledged ) beginnings. This is a really serious issue and may represent evidences for throw outing you from Rhodes and all other South African universities. The regulation is simple and clear: utilize your ain words when non citing from a beginning and acknowledge all beginnings when you draw on the thoughts they contain.

Is Mankind Harming the Environment? Essay

This paper will discuss whether mankind has played a role in harming the environment. It will talk in detail about the various human activities that have had an impact on our natural habitat and will also give specific examples of what we should expect in the future as a result of our activities and how we should deal with them. Mankind has several natural resources at his disposal. These include the oceans, atmosphere, forests etc. Any misuse or overuse of these resources will eventually destroy the sustainability of these resources. The fish population may become extinct, climate changes may result in an increase in natural disasters, forests may not be replaceable etc. In short, abuse or improper use of the environmental resources may result in long term consequences for the entire mankind. (Ostrom, Elinor et al: 2002) There is significant evidence to prove that mankind has indeed played a major role in harming the environment. Most the earth’s fisheries have already been destroyed and the Amazon rain forest is also near destruction. â€Å"Humans have destroyed more than 30 per cent of the natural world since 1970 with serious depletion of the forest, freshwater and marine systems on which life depend. † (Guardian: 1998) This combined with the persistent increase in greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in a massive increase in ozone layer depletion and global warming. This in turn has resulted in climate change all over the world causing an increase in the frequency of floods, droughts, hurricanes, extremities of weather, coastal erosion, melting glaciers etc. No doubt global warming is the result of man’s own activities. Human activities which produce increasing amounts of greenhouse gases especially carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuel are causing global warming all across the world. Global warming has even caused the sea level to rise between four and eight inches during the last hundred years and every year seal level now rises one tenth of an inch. If mankind continues to emit greenhouse gases at the same rate it will result in serious environmental degradation as well as negative effects on human health. (Mank, Bradford: 2005) As Athanasiou and Baer put it, â€Å"Even if we move quickly to cap the emission of greenhouse pollutants [a politically and diplomatically impossible scenario at present], the consequences of global warming will soon become quite severe, and even murderous, particularly for the poor and the vulnerable. And in the more likely case where we move slowly, the impacts will verge on catastrophic. † Maximum contribution towards environmental degradation comes from industrialized countries as about one-half of all greenhouse gas emissions come from these regions. For example the United States produces about one quarter of the world’s greenhouse gases. (Harris, Paul: 2003) Climatologists suggest that average temperatures globally are expected to increase between three and ten degrees Fahrenheit by the next century. They also predict that climate change will also cause new problems because of a persistent degradation of our ecosystem. Rising sea levels, severe natural disasters such as hurricanes, drought, floods, air pollution, spread of diseases like malaria and cholera and other environmental disasters are all negative consequences of global warming. (Smith, Daniel S. : 2001) Some scientists have even predicted that human activities and increasing greenhouse gases will make the Earth so warm that the inhabitants will be unable to adapt to the changing climate. â€Å"The predicted results of this warming include melting of the polar ice caps, flooding of coastal cities, massive extinction of species, and the deterioration of civilization as we know it. † (Parsons, Michael L. :1995) Increasing globalization and man’s desire to accumulate more and more profit has also played a major role in harming the environment. Increased use of energy has resulted in a widespread increase in greenhouse gas emission from fossil fuel use and this has resulted in an increase in global warming. If humans don’t take any action, global warming will continue to increase. â€Å"The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that basic changes in personal consumption, mostly in the realms of electricity use, climate control, and transportation, can reduce the average American’s carbon emissions by roughly one-third, from 15,000 to 10,000 pounds per year. Further reductions can be achieved through changing consumption patterns of food and consumer goods, neither of which is included in those calculations. If combined with more efficient technology, this sort of realignment of priorities would substantially reduce the threat of global warming, as well as variety of other environmental problems. † (Smith, Daniel S. : 2001) Mankind’s level of water consumption is also constantly on the rise and it is predicted that water shortage may become mankind’s biggest problem in the twenty first century. It is estimated that up two thirds of the world’s countries will face moderate to high water shortages by 2025. This accompanied with increasing air, water and waste pollution due to extensive industrial development has further deteriorated our environment. Greater use of fossil fuel and biomass burning and land clearing have led to a increase in nitrogen that has in turn, diminished the absorptive capacity of natural system. While the above evidence demonstrates mankind’s contribution to environmental deterioration, there are supporters who insist that man has played such a negative role. They feel that there hasn’t been such a major impact on the environment to begin with and that the consequences have been exaggerated to a large extent. Those who support globalization and deny its negative impact on the environment feel that economic progress is closely linked to environmental performance but in a positive manner. They feel that it is in fact economic prosperity that may lead to a cleaner environment. The logic behind this argument is that by adopting new and improved technologies, industries will have a less harmful impact on the environment and economic progress would enable countries to bring changes into their mode of operation and save the environment from harm. (John, Detlef). On the other hand a report by by the Working Group on Development and Environment in the Americas (U.S, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Costa Rica and El-Salvador) shows that industrial development and globalization has caused severe damage to the environment and highlights that the Americas now have growing problems with air, soil and water contamination as a result of globalization, urbanization and modernization. (Schalatek, Liane: 2004) Human activities have destroyed our natural habitat, have resulted in accelerating global warming and have contributed to air and water pollution. The amount of greenhouse gases being emitted today is sufficient to cause considerable damage to the environment. The ozone layer is being depleted continuously, a number of pesticides and other organic pollutants have been spread globally endangering hormonal balances and the immune system in man and animals. Increasing dependence on natural resources has resulted in a rapid depletion of tropical forests and fisheries. Many regions are facing problems of water shortage, resource depletion, climate change; risks from biological agents etc. (Dahl, Lynn: 1998) There has been a decline in plants, animals, insects and birds. According to the UN, the current extinction rate is up to 1000 times faster than in the past. It is estimated that around 844 animals and plants have disappeared in the last 500 years. â€Å"The global demand for biological resources now exceeds the planet’s capacity to renew them by 20%†. (Adam, David: 2006).